On November 5, 2025, the Supreme Court of the United States heard oral arguments in the consolidated cases V.O.S. Selections, Inc. v. United States and Learning Resources, Inc. v. United States — a pivotal test of presidential authority over trade policy. The central question is whether the 1977 International Emergency Economic Powers Act (IEEPA), invoked by President Donald J. Trump, grants the president legal authority to impose broad import tariffs during a declared nation